Barriers Table

Representation: Provide transcripts for the introduction video and explanation video in the lesson.

Engagement: Provide students with different choices other than the video for learning how to create a histogram, such as a link to a website with an explanation for creating histograms and a PDF file with the steps and an example for creating a histogram.

• Upload the video to YouTube and use their automated closed captioning for the video.
   
• Use the Ava app to create a transcription as the video plays.
   
• Provide a link to  create your own histograms so students can interact with the material rather than viewing it.

Representation: Provide an audio clip describing the important features of the graphs or images.

Representation: Ensure alternate text is present for each image for a screen reader.

Expression: Include interactive questions that describe a histogram rather than show an image of it. Provide automatic feedback to the students based on their responses.

• Use the VoiceOver built-in feature on Macs to have the alt text of the graphs or images read aloud.
   
• Use the Narrator built-in feature on Windows to have the alt text of the graphs or images read aloud.
   
• Provide a link to  practice creating histograms.

Representation: Provide definitions for words that may have been covered in previous lessons to support background knowledge and define any new vocabulary.

Expression: Include a vocabulary matching activity to start the lesson with key words and student-friendly definitions.

Engagement: Introduce the vocabulary words in a context in which students may have already heard them in their lives. Relate the more common uses of the vocabulary terms to the mathematical definitions relating to histograms.

• Use the  Text Compactor tool to copy and paste in difficult to read a create an easier to understand summary.
   
• Use the MacOS built-in dictionary to display definitions of words as needed.
   
• Use the Microsoft Edge built-in dictionary to display definitions of words as needed.

Representation: Provide scaffolding in the examples, showing one step at a time to create a histogram. Use an accordion, tabs, or other presentation method to hide the steps already completed or not yet completed, showing only one step at a time.

Representation: Provide a list of the steps that can be accessed for each of the problems utilizing the steps to create a histogram.

Expression: Provide the list of steps with the problem requiring students to create a histogram. Break the problem up into sections for the student to submit that match the steps to create the histogram.

Expression: Give the option for students to complete their work with paper and pencil and scan it in or to use the program of their choice on the computer to draw the histogram.

Engagement: Give students the option to use their own data on a topic of interest to them to create the histogram.

• Use Voice Control on the Mac to break the screen up into a grid and control one section of the grid at a time.
   
• Use the Super Simple Highlighter Chrome extension to highlight different steps of the problems in different colors and export the highlighted text to a document in order to create a step-by-step guide for yourself.
   
• Use the Magnifier built-in feature in Windows to enlarge a part of your screen, such as the step you are currently working on. Move the Magnifier tool to the next step when you move on to help you keep track of where you are in the problem.